Two kinds of cameras systems are DSLR and mirrorless. DSLR or digital single lens reflex differed from mirrorless in that with the DSLR the light goes straight up into an optic viewfinder which allows you to see precisely what the lens is looking at. This is a true optical path, with no digital processing in the middle. SLR cameras also work the same way the difference being that one has to use film, which has to be processed after being exposed. When a photograph is made - i.e. the shutter is pressed a mirror which is angled at 45% moves out of the way which enables the light from the lens to fall on a sensor to be processed. (With a Single lens reflex the light falls on the film .) Mirrorless on the other hand, as the name suggests has no mirror. The light passes through the lens and straight onto the sensor to be processed. It's then displayed either on a monitor or at the back of the camera, or on the electronic view finder (EVF) which in essence is a very small monitor. This time when you make a picture, the camera is simply recording what is on the sensor at that moment in time. The DSLR's are usually bulkier whereas mirrorless are lighter, due to the fact that they have no mirror.
DSLR and Mirrorless systems
Exposure,( i.e the amount of time the light spend on the film or sensor and also the type of film, lens aperture and speed) affect the outcome of each photograph. Len are available in a variety of sizes.
When making a photograph getting the correct exposure is very important. The exposure comprises using the aperture, shutter speed and ISO in conjunction with each other. The higher the ISO the higher the sensivity to light. But this also cause more noise to the image. Depending on desired outcome and lighting condition. It's always best to use a low a ISO setting as possible.
The aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera. The lager the aperture (fast ).
For example f 2.8, the more light enters. The smaller the aperture i.e. f 16 the less light. Also a large aperture reduces the depth of field. This is the area behind and in front of the subject. While the subject will be in focus, the other areas won't be. The smaller the aperture the greater the dept of field. This means that not only the subject but also anything in front of and behind the subject will also be in focus. The degree of sharpness depends size of the aperture.
Shutter speed is the amount of time the lens is opened. A fast shutter speed, i.e 1/500th sec will only allow the light in for that time. A faster shutter speed allows the photographer to freeze the movement of the image. This is good for sports photography. Where you'd want to freeze a footballer or a sprinter ,etc.
On the other hand a slower shutter speed, 1/60th sec, has the opposite effect. If a photographer tried to photograph a footballer or a sprinter at the speed the image would be blurred. This could still be used if that was the desired outcome which the photographer required.
Examples of different lenses. Which comes in different focal lengths, including fixed focal lens and zoom or telephoto lens, which allows you with one lens from a long distance to zoom into a faraway subject.
A fast shutter speed will freeze a rapidly moving object/subject, i.e. in sports photography. A wide aperture allows more light onto the sensor, and film, whereas a small aperture will allow less light. With a large aperture the subject in the foreground is in focus, while the background is not, this is ideal if you want to isolate the subject from the background. Whereas as smaller aperture will render more or all of the image in focus. Photographs can be made in black and white or colour. There is a process called bokeh, which is defined as " the effect of a soft out -of - focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a very fast (wide aperture) lens at the widest aperture such as f/2.8 or wider ". Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing aesthetic quality of our - of - focus blur in a photograph increase distance between subject and background.
Example of bokeh effect.
A memory card is needed to record the image in a digital camera these vary in storage capacity and size a the larger the capacity the more images, or files can be stored on the card the number can be several thousand. There are different types of files on which the image can be recorded, you can choose to shoot in RAW or JPEG. You can choose to shoot in either/or. The RAW file stores more information of the image, and therefore takes up more storage space. Whereas jpeg stores less, the advantage of RAW being that if you choose to edit your image later on you have more detail with which to manipulate and therefore can potentially produce a higher quality image. You can also choose the speed, or iso of you film/image, using adjustments in a digital camera or the speed of the film with a film, or analogue camera.The lower the iso the smoother the quality the higher the grainer, this adds film/picture contrast.
Examples of memory cards. Both can shoot RAW and JPEG the upper card is usually faster to download files and generally more expensive. The smaller card requires an adapter to fit into the camera. Also a roll of film (below). The example is a roll of 35mm film. Films are available in various sizes, including 120 roll film,etc.
Software used in post-production to manipulate the image include Adobe lightroom and Photoshop. Which many consider the industry standards.
Example of post-production software. In this instance Adobe lightroom.
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